The VAK Learning System Essay Example for Free

The VAK skill System EssayThe first evaluation is to find out if student learns better by hearing, seeing, or moving knowledge as a part of processing it. Every persons learning style is either or a combination of auditory, visual, or kinaesthetic (tactile) in terms of the way he or she learns best. No particular style is better than the others it is all about what works best for the individual. The learning styles are put together by a system in which is VAK. VAK stands for Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (Tactile). The theory is one prefers to learn with one of these sense channels.Visual Learning Style learn through seeing . . .These learners sine qua non to see the teachers body language and facial expression to fully understand the message of a lesson. They tend to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom. They may think in pictures and learn best from visual displays including diagrams, illustrated textbooks, overhead transparencies, videos, flipcharts, use of synergistic whiteboards, and hand-outs. During a lesson or classroom discussions, visual learners often prefer to take detailed notes to absorb the information. Highlight important points in text. usage books on magnetic tapes. Use a tape recorder to tape lectures, presentations, directions, etc. Learn to use text glossary, indexes, appendices, chapter summaries, etc.Preview texts.Auditory Learning Style learn through sense of hearing . . .They learn best through verbal lessons, discussions, talking things through and listening to what others have to say. Auditory learners interpret the underlying meanings of speech through listening to the tone of voice, pitch, and speed. Written information may have little meaning until it is heard. These learners often benefit from reading text aloud and using a tape recorder.Discuss their ideas. Work in study groups. Recite information that is important to remember. Review printed material before auditory information is presented. Repeat ba ck instructions just heard to check clarity.Kinesthetic (Tactile) Learning Style learn through moving, doing, and touching . . .Kinesthetic learners learn best through a hands-on approach, actively exploring the physical world around them. They may find it hard to sit still for long periods and may become distracted by their need for activity and exploration. Take frequent study breaks. Work at a standing position. Listen to music while they study. Bring some type of prehend toy to class to hold on to. Skim through reading material to get a rough idea what it is about before sitting down to read it in detail.No one person uses one style of learning exclusively, but they do have preferred learning styles. It is then important to attempt to cater for all learning styles during lessons to enable the most efficient learning to take place.

Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Information Systems EssayAn selective information musical arrangement (IS) collects, processes, stores, gos, and disseminates information for a specific purpose. Like any other system, an information system includes inputs (data, instructions) and outputs (reports, calculations). It processes the inputs by using technology such as PCs and matures outputs that are sent to users or to other systems via electronic networks and a feedback mechanism that controls the operation.Information systems principally are classified into five categories office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, finish support systems, and expert systems. McD Information system on that point are many types of information systems used in McDonalds such as Transaction Processing System (TPS)First transaction happens when two people assume an supersede, and collecting data about it called transaction processing, so transaction processing is collecting, stor ing, modifying, and retrieving the transactions of an organization. Transaction system is important to answer routine questions, and it helps to conduct dividing line such as payroll, employee record keeping or paying an employee. Its important to store the data of the transaction save and protected because transaction generally involves an exchange of money which is critical to any organization.How Transaction Processing System is implementing in McDonalds?McDonalds everyday sells a huge amount of hamburgers ,so McDonalds should order raw material from its forgetr , each time McDonalds place an order with its provider , a transaction happens , and the transaction processing system records the relevant information such as supplier name , address , the quality of the items purchased and finally the invoice amount.Decision support system (DSS)Decision support system is used to model data and ca-ca quality decision based on the data , making the right decision is usually based on th e quality of the data and ones ability to analyze the data , Decision Support Systems are usually computer applications with a human component. They can sift through large amounts of data and pick amongst the many choices and supports the non routine decision.How decision support system implemented in McDonalds?At first McDonalds began as a small restaurant, selling foods to customers , the business expand slowly ,then McDonalds analyze the market well to come with opportunity, as we know we live in the time of technology , so McDonalds thought of providing wireless run , so the company gather information about the customer usage of wireless services , length of stay and sales level , then the decision support system analyze the data to come up with the decision of providing wireless service in their restaurant.Management Information Systems (MIS)Management information system is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources technology, information, and people, and the most important resource is people, the information that we reward supports the routine decision making in the functional areasHow Management Information System is implemented in McDonalds?In McDonalds they implement MIS system which is used to produce periodic reports such as a daily list of employees and the hours they work, or a monthly report of expenses as compared to a budget. McDonalds used MIS because the purpose of MIS is to provide profitability and information to help managers and staff understand the business performance and plan its future direction.

Textile dyeing and textile wastewater treatment

cloth discolor and fabric waste pee treatmentAdvances In textile Dyeing And Textile Waste weewee Treatment Using Advanced Oxidation And Membrane Filtration Technologies A ReviewIntroductionThe textile industry is a various sector in terms of take of raw materials, operating sufficees, product development, and equipment. The industry is well-characterized for consuming large amounts of wet, dexterity, and discharging high volumes of waste in to public cloaca treatment plants (s.t.p.). The main sources of pollution in the textile sector are derived from operating branches much(prenominal) as color and finishing mills. These processes l rarity oneself considerable takes of water (ex. 70-150L for 1kg of cotton), chemical substances (salts, alkali, wetting cistrons, etc.), and tarnishstuffs (e.g. uns give in dyes) to achieve the desired properties of the textile product of which contribute to the pollution load in the industry. Major pollutants of environmental concern i n textile wastewater accept toxic extreme compounds, color, suspended solids, and biochemical/chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/COD). The disposal of textile effluent in the municipal STP is an environmental concern because these industrial pollutants may pass through unchanged and enter the receiving rivers or streams potentially harming the welfare of aquatic life. The adverse effect of these pollutants on the aquatic environment overwhelm depletion levels in fade out oxygen, reduction in photosynthetic activity, and increase susceptibility for organisms to pane of glasss and bases.Effluent treatment technologies proposed in literature include activated sludge, coagulation, ozone, electrochemical oxidisation and membrane filtration technologies . Conventional treatment methods such as coagulation and activated sludge have been used to manage textile wastewater to governmental standards for discharging in sewage treatment plants however these processes are ineffective for removing color from wastewater. Advanced oxidization processes such as electrochemical oxidation and ozone are alternative lotions to effectively remove color and toxic organic compounds however some disadvantages include operating costs and possible production of chlorinated organic by-products in the receiving waters. Membrane filtration processes such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are promising technologies for an ecological friendly approach to treating textile effluent for reuse since it consumes less water and life force.The aim of this review paper is to describe two novel methods for reducing pollution load in textile colour of cellulose fabrics. The first method is the use of cationic reagents as a pretreatment for cotton fibers to enhance dye infantile fixation and the second method uses supercritical coulomb dioxide (CO2) to replace water as a dye transfer medium. An overview on textile dyes, dye fixation, and dyeing process will be discussed. Furthermore, effluent treatment technologies such as coagulation, advanced oxidation processes (electrochemical oxidation and ozone) and membrane filtration technologies (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) in which the mechanism and evaluated as promising applications for treating effluent water to be reuse in textile wet bear upon operations such as dyeing.Textile Dyes And Dye FixationDyes are described as colored substances with complex chemical structures and high molecular weights. By definition the color arises from the attachment of the auxochrome to the chromophore (light absorbing group) of the dyes that alters both the wavelength and intensity of absorption. Dyes manufactured for clothes makers are designed to have substantially light stability and chemical resistance to degradation, however due to the high solvability of dyes in water biological treatments are ineffective in removing color from the effluent. Wash fastness is an heavy factor to weigh into consideration when determining the d urability of the product. It is dependent on the covalent bond strength between the fiber and dye against alkaline and acid hydrolysis, and the efficient use of water to remove unreacted dye from the substratum. The degree by which dyes are fixed on to fiber and get dis turn ond into the treatment bathing tub after wash-off is referred to as dye fixation. The influence of dye loss is attributed to several factors such as the type of dye, the depth of shade, application method, and liquid ratio (water/energy consumption).Cotton and other celullosic fabrics are colored with reactive dyes because these dyes have good light stability and good wash fastness characteristics but poor dye-fixation yields (60-70%). excited dyes attach on the fiber via a covalent bond formation between the reactive group of the dye and the nucleophilic group in the fiber. The dye-fiber reaction is facilitated by large amounts of salt and electrolytes that reduce the charge repulsion forces between the negat ively charge dye molecules and the negatively charge hydroxyl groups in the fiber as a dissolvent of the ionization of cellulose hydroxyl groups in water. However, due to the competitive reaction between the hydroxyl anions (OH-) in the alkaline bath and negatively charge dye molecules for the ionized hydroxyl groups in the cellulose fibers which are the nucleophiles for the dye-fiber reaction approximately 40% of hydrolyzed (un-fixed) dye remains in the treatment bath at the end of dyeing process. An extensive demand for wash-off is required to achieve the desired wash fastness characteristics on the product.Textile DyeingBefore the fabric enters the dyeing process it must be properly treated to remove all natural impurities and chemical residues applied during operating processes such as fiber production, and fabric interweave and knitting. The pretreatment process includes desizing, bleaching, and mercerization of which contribute nearly fifty percent of waste pollution generat ed by the industry. Conventional dyeing processes use large amounts of water nearly 100L of water per 1kg of textile. Water is a poor medium for transferring dyes on to the fabric from an environmental point of view because of the change magnitude shortage of water available. sodium chlorides and alkali are added when dyeing cotton with reactive dyes in order facilitate the affinity for the dye molecules on the fiber. The treatment bath at the end of dyeing process is heavily polluted with toxic organic compounds, electrolytes, and residual of dyes of which can be expensive to recover and purify. Effluent disposal is the primary option since treated water to be reuse in the industry needs to have no color, no suspended solids, low COD, and low conductivity levels. Therefore, the development of environmentally safe production methods is challenging since both the wastewater quality and quantity depend to a considerable degree on the technique used for a certain substrate (fiber).I nfluence Of Cationization For Dyeing Cellulose Fibers With Reactive DyesThe influence of cationization for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes enables an environmentally friendly approach to increase dye utilization, lower water and energy consumption, and reduce effluent disposal/treatment. Cationization of cotton is generally performed by introducing amino groups in the cellulose fiber through the reaction of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose fiber and the reactive group (e.g. epoxy and 4-vinylpyridine) of the quarternary cationic agents. The pretreatment of cellulose fibers with reactive cationic agents will increase dye surface assimilation as a result of the columbic attraction between non-ionic detergent dye molecules and nucleophiles on the substrate. The dye-fiber reaction can occur under neutral or mild acidic conditions without the use of electrolytes and therefore severe wash-off procedures can be topd since hydrolysis of dyes generally occurs in alkaline conditions.EP TMAC, 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, is an example of a quarternary cationic agent used in inquiry studies to investigate the use of cationization for improving dye adsorption of cellulose with reactive dyes. Under alkaline conditions EPTMAC will react with alcohols to form vinyl ethers and and then produce a cationized fiber when it reacts with the methyl hydroxyl groups at the C6 position of the cellulose polymer. A combination of electrostatic interactions such as ion-ion or ion-dipole forces, intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and van der waal forces may influence the adsorption of the cationic group of the pretreatment agent to the anionic carboxylic groups in the cellulose fiber. The reaction between the reactive group of dye molecules and the amino-functional nucleophiles of the cationized fiber has been proposed by Blackburn and Burkinshaw (2003) to occur via a nucleophilic substitution mechanism or a Michael addition to a double bond.Factors th at appear to influence the cationic process of dyeing fabrics include cationic reagent concentration, dye concentration, and temperature. Kanik and Hauser (2004) demonstrated that increasing the cationic reagent concentration in the pretreatment solution caused a decrease in dye penetration of the substrate suggesting that an increase in surface coloration occurred as result of the strong ionic attraction of dye molecules for the cationic charges on the fiber. Montazer et al. (2007) reported that the color strength (K/S) values for dyeing with treated cotton with cationic process were often 2-4 times better than that of dyeing via conventional methods (K/S values range from 1-4). The effect of temperature influenced the percent of total dye utilization by increasing the absorption of cationic reagent for the substrate.Subramanian et al. (2006) demonstrated that better color strength values (K/S value 12.987) and maximum total dye utilization (T value 95.1%) were obtained when 20% co ncentration of cationic reagent (CIBAFIX WFF), 10g/L of soda ash, and an optimal temperature of 70C was used as the cationization parameters. A substantial reduction in industrial pollutants such as BOD5, COD, and total dissolved solids were determined using cationic reagent CIBAFIX WFF compared to dyeing untreated fabric by conventional methods. Blackburn and Burkinshaw (2003) reported the pretreatment of fabric via cationization reduced the level of water consumption to nearly half of that applied during the normal dyeing process (Textile Dyeing In SuperCritical Carbon DioxideSupercritical mobile technology is a promising application for the development of a water-free dyeing process in that it can be environmental friendly, energy saving, increase productivity, and eliminate effluent treatment and disposal. The beneficial properties of dyeing textiles in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) are that it is expensive, non-toxic, non-flammable, CO2 can be recycled, and control in dye application rate. SC-CO2 exhibits densities and solvating powers similar to liquid solvents adding to its advantages in textile processing, since its low viscosity and rapid airing properties allow the dye to diffuse faster into the textile fibers.SC-CO2 has been successfully engaged as a solvent system in the dyeing and finishing processes for synthetic fibers such as polyesters. In polyester dyeing, SC-CO2 penetrates inside the fibers causing them to swell thereby making the fibers accessible to the dye molecules. As the pressure is lowered the dye molecules are trapped inside the shrinking polyester fibers and no waste is generated since the dye molecules cannot be hydrolyzed and no additional energy is required to dry the fabric after dyeing 18. Since non-polar dyes are primarily used in supercritical CO2 dyeing further development is required to enhance the dyeing of natural fibers with ionic dyes such as acid dyes or reactive dyes because the affinity of natural textiles with dyes occurs by chemical (covalent bonds) interactions or fixed by physical (van der waals) forces.20-21 Kraan et al. (2003) reported four factors that influence the role of supercritical CO2 dyeing for natural fibers (1) dye solubility at operating pressure and temperature, (2) fiber accessibility to allow diffusion of dye molecules on substrate pores, (3) dye-fiber substantivity, and (4) the reactivity of dye with the textile.Sawada et al. (2004) investigated the action of co-surfactant on the soma boundaries of the pentaethylene glycol n-octyl ether C8H5 reverse micelle using various kinds of alcohols and discussed he solubility of ionic dyes in the C8H5 reverse micellar system when co-surfactant density of CO2 and temperature are varied. The research strategy was to dissolve the ionic dye in a SC-CO2/reverse micellar system that involves dispersing a small quantity of water in SC-CO2 and co-surfactant suitable dye bath that contained conventional ionic dyes in SC-CO2. Alco hol, particularly 1-pentanol seems is a suitable co-surfactant to accelerate the solubilization of water in SC-CO2 it assists the formation of stable reverse micelles. Pentaethylene glycol n-octyl ether C8H5 as a surfactant is soluble in liquid and SC-CO2 the complex C8H5/CO2 system has a potential to enhance the solubility of water by an addition of co-surfactant in comparison with a typical reverse micellar system in organic media.Beltrame et al (1998) investigated the effect of polyethylene glycol as a pre-treatment of cotton fabrics in SC-CO2 and the results showed that the dye uptake was strongly increased if cotton was pretreated with PEG. PEG is able to form hydrogen bonds with cellulose chains this prevents the complete deswelling of the fibers during the SC-CO2 treatment thus maintaining to cotton the more accessible to dyeing. At the end of the treatment however when the CO2 is evacuated the dyes migrate out of the polymer in the undissolved state through the polymer pores and swear out fastness is consequently very low. In order to avoid these undesired effects benzamide which is soluble in SC-CO2 is a good solvent for disperse dyes as a synergistic agent it is able to form hydrogen bonds with cotton and PEG thus favoring dye entrapment through the partial occlusion of cellulose pores. The results yield good dye uptake, light and wet-washing fastness are good increasing the durability of the product. Fernandez Cid et al (2005) prior to dyeing the cotton it was presoaked in a solution of wood alcohol to swell the fibers. The methanol replaces the water in the cotton and will attach the cotton hydrogen bonds. The hydrophobic part of the methanol will make diffusion of hydrophobic non-polar reactive dyes into the cotton possible.Application In sewer water TreatmentsThe treatment of textile wastewater for reuse in textile operations represents an ecological and stinting challenge since textile effluents vary in composition due to the different chemica ls or physical processes used on fabrics and machinery. Textile pollutants of environmental concern include residual dyes, color, BOD, COD, heavy metals, pH, high suspended solids, and toxic organic compounds.2 Typical effluents characterized in the textile industry and their measurements are presented in instrument panel 1 23.Table 1. Effluent Characteristics of Textile Wastewater derived from Kdasi et al., 2004ParametersValuespH7.0-9.0Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L)80-6,000Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L)150-12,000Total suspended solids (mg/L)15-8,000Total dissolved solids (mg/L)2,900-3,100Chloride (mg/L)70-80Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L)70-80Color (Pt-Co)50-2500The removal of COD and BOD are important from an environmental point view since high levels can deplete the level of dissolved oxygen in receiving rivers causing an increased amount of non-biodegradable organic matter.23 Some advantages and disadvantages for the various chemical-physical treatment processes applied for cle aning wastewater is listed in table 3 (edited from babu et al).References1. Babu, B. R. Parande, A.K. Raghu, S. Kumar, T.P. Textile Technology, Cotton Textile Processing Waste Generation and Effluent Treatment. J. Cotton Sci. 11, 141-153 (2007).2. Savin, I. Butnaru, R. Wastewater Characteristics in Textile Finishing Mills. environmental Engineering and Management Journal 7, 859-864 (2008).3. Ren, X. Development of environmental performance indicators for textile process and product. Journal of Cleaner Production 8, 473-481 (2000).4. Hendrickx, I. Boardman, G.D. Pollution Prevention Studies in the Textile Wet Processing Industry Literature Review. VPI SU Dept. of Civil Engineering, Blacksburg, VA.. Tech. Rep. NCDENR (Ref/01/00469) (May 1995).5. Ergas, S. J. Therriault, B. M. Reckhow, D. A. Evaluation of Water Reuse Technologies for the Textile Industry. Journal of Environmental Engineering 132, 315-323 (2006).6. Laing, I. G. The Impact of Effluent regulations on the dyeing industry. Rev. Prog. Coloration 21, 56-71 (1991).7. Alinsafi, A. da Motta, M. Le Bonte, S. Pons, M.N. Benhammou, A. Effect of variability on the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater by activated sludge. Dyes and Pigments 69, 31-39 (2006).8. Lin, S.H. and Chen, M.L.. Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Chemical Methods for Reuse. Wat. Res. 31, 868-876 (1997).9. Canizares, P. Martinez, F. Jimenez, C. Lobato, J. Rodrigo, M.A. Coagulation and Electrocoagulation of Wastes Polluted with Dyes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6418-6424 (2006).10. ONeill, C. Hawkes, F. R. Hawkes, D. L. Lourenco, N. D. Pinheiro, H. M. Delee, W. Colour in textile effluents-sources, measurement, discharge consents and simulation a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 74, 1009-1018 (1999).11. Kulkarni, S. V. Blackwell, C. D. Blackard, A. L.. Stackhouse, C. W. Alexander, M.W. Textile Dyes and Dyeing Equipment Classification, Properties, and Environmental Aspects. US EPA , query Triangle Park, NC, 1985.12. Blackburn, R.S. Bu rkinshaw, S.M. Treatment of Cellulose with Cationic, Nucleophilic Polymers to Enable Reactive Dyeing at Neutral pH withouth electrolyte addition. J. Applied Polymer Science 89, 1026-1031 (2003).13. Fernandez Cid, M.V. van Spronsen, J. van der Kraan, M. Veugelers, W.J.T. Woerlee, G.F. Witkamp, G.J. Excellent dye fixation on cotton dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide using flurotriazine reactive dyes. Green Chem. 7, 609-616 (2005).14. Frazer, L. A Cleaner Way to Color Cotton. Env. Health Perspectives , 110, 252-254 (2002).15. Montazer, M. Malek, R.M.A. Rahimi, A. Salt Free Reactive Dyeing of Cationized Cotton. Fibers and Polymers 8, 608-612 (2007).16. Kanik, M. and Hauser, P.J. Printing Cationized Cotton with Direct Dyes. Textile Research Journal 74, 43-50 (2004).17. Subramanian, M. Kannan, S. Gobalakrishnan, M. Kumaravel, S. Nithyanadan, R. Rajashankar, K.J. Vadicherala, T. Influence of Cationization of Cotton on Reactive Dyeing. JTATM 5, 1-16 (2006).18. Montero, G.A. Smith, C.B. He ndrix, W.A. Butcher, D.L. Supercritical swimming Technology in Textile Processing An Overview. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4806-4812 (2000).19. Ozcan, A.S. Clifford, A.A. Bartle, K.D. Solubility of Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 590-592 (1997).20. kraan et al21. Sawada, K. Takagi, T. Ueda, M. Solubilization of ionic dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide a basic study for dyeing fiber in non-aqueous media. Dyes and Pigments 60, 129-135 (2004).22. Beltrame, P.L. Castelli, A. Selli, E. Mossa, A. Testa, G. Bonfatti, A.M. Seves, A. Dyeing of Cotton in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Dyes and Pigments, 39, 335-340 (1998).23. Al-Kdasi, A. Idris, A. Saed, K. Guan, C.T. Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Processes-A Review. Global Nest the Int.J. 6, 222-230 (2004).

New Product Introduction Of Mcdonalds

New Product Introduction Of McdonaldsMcDonalds is among the leading brands operating in the whole is the UK Irish trade when it comes to immediate victuals and quick renovation restaurants. This gives the ships attach to a wide market area to c over and cater. McDonalds is counted among the broad chains entirely(a) around the world with thousands of restaurants.In this report the plan is to introduce a in the altogether product from McDonald with the brand put forward Mc teatime and as we all know that McDonald is perusing a value strategy offering its products at relatively measly prices and they differentiate their products through successful branding campaigns, this thing would be continued with the launch of the invigorated product.The report is divided in many key parts such as introduction, mission statement, caller start ask, market status, objectives and strategies, segmentation, target product, promotional program, gross revenue plan, organization, financia l. In all these key areas it is defined that through this forward- imageing product a handsome chunk of revenue drive out be gained also forestalling affects on the boilers suit market share of the ships telephoner.The company plans to introduce Mc tea as a flavor afternoon tea. The aim is to get market share as much as possible redressing the spent money on the overall product its advertising and launch. This new opportunity shtup help company further penetrate by this new product line extension.As McDonald is entering in an existing market with a new product so there is a handsome requirement for the publicity of the product and the company would be using conventional tools of promotion with sampling as an extra. For advertising the company plans to use both below the line and above line advertising and the company targets the giant media to capture the a heartfelt chunk of the market.INTRODUCTIONMcDonalds is probably the best-known franchised fast food restaurant chai n in the world. When the sense impressionting outlet was opened in the US in 1955 and even when the beginning(a) UK restaurant appeared in 1974, it would have been hard to imagine a worldwide network of 30,000 outlets by 2002 and 1,200 outlets in the UK. McDonalds is easily the largest fast-food brand in the world and instantly recognizable in many countries. Across the global network, the majority of outlets are operated by franchi actualises but, in the UK, only a third are franchised although this percentage is increasing. McDonalds has been growing organically, with new sites located in smaller towns, roadside knowledges and food court concepts in leisure parks and shopping centers.1SITUATIONAL ANALYSISSTRENGTHSPromotional strength is what Mc Donald has in its main and something in which it has been good over the period of time.Market share is the second strengthen factor where Mc Donald is preferred by people of all ages and they love the food taste and variety offer.Image of the company affects its sales and this plays a positive for McDonalds and the hunting expeditions towards green world and reduction of waste has given them a good public image.The company is rated among the top delivery business operators beating even Pizza Hut at many times.New product supernumerary promotional strategies have made McDonalds corporation leader of fast food industry. Home delivery has gained wide spread acceptance and has become competitive gain for them.WEAKNESSESMcDonalds has been frustrated by rising wholesale food prices and labor force.Fast food outlets have to pay higher wages.Despite of providing a branded prize of flavored tea it is likely that the people might non be attracted towards the product because McDonalds does not have any past experience in this product.The company has not been very successful in the past to keep a strict check on the quality of food provided by its franchises.Not all new product launches have been a success.OPPORTUNITYTh e company has the opportunity to still expand in many locations in which the company still has not looked towards development or keeping its food hold.The conventional competitors have not thought nearly a similar product so this would be an early moving company advantage.Consumption ratios or hot drinks are increasing and specially a launch in the approaching winter and Christmas season washbowl prove to be a treat.Moving in an alliance with new film releases and media has been an old tactic which has proved worthwhile 90 out of 100 times. A new-fashioned alliance during the release of the movie avatar is another proof of opportunity.2Promotion of the product towards young coffee drinkers through university, colleges and schools place be an added advantage for the company to score big time and earn.THREATRejection of the product is one major threat the company faces and is afraid of to happen.The economy coming out of recession the expect revenues can be reduce then what the company expects.Consumer perception might be difficult to change in terms of product selection as already there is an existing competition with Coffee Cafes.Taste preference figures show a lead towards coffee drinkers as compared with tea.Increasing tea page number prices can affect the overall revenue and costing.MARKET STATUSINDUSTRYUK is the among the leading hot drinks consumer in the world. In fact, the consumption of tea is so widespread in UK that it possesses 2nd position in the tea importing countries of the world, and is only behind the Russian Federation. The already high tea consumption level whitethorn further increase in future due to urbanization and increase in per capita income.MARKET SHARETHE MARKETFor Mc tea the target market is entire UK and Irish market with franchises located all over the area giving a huge reach towards the market.KEY FACTORSLEGAL FACTORSRecent disputes over the prices of tea leaves and prices of payments of farmers have been critical. For the development of the new product the company would require to lift out sound suppliers that can be good for the business and can be permanent. Fair trading laws affect the business. Finally the remunerations paid are strictly under review by the EU and specially the UK legal authorities.SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORSIn UK the concept of flavored branded tea is not yet common among the quick service restaurants, tea is normally taken with milk but this volition avail them at time of leisure. On the other hand the product that is being introduced is totally on the contrary. The product is a fruit flavored tea served in tea bags that can be taken anytime anywhere. Aside from this it also has a lot of nutritional value as compared to the conventional tea. However unveiling flavored tea is kinda a challenge as people in UK are not only resistant to change but also have rigid views about the concept of tea itself.ECONOMIC FACTORSKeeping in mind the per capita income of the people of UK, wh ich is good after the recovery from the recession, the company implys to launch Mc tea leaf, aiming at the lower and middle income groups who are leading to pay normal and medium price for such an innovative and distinct product. Mc Tea is considered to be a lord product as it is distinct from the conventional tea available by the competitors, in the sense of its form, taste and nutritional attributes people consuming Mc Tea should be well educated as to its habitude in the form of tea bags since there is a general misconception that they produce superior quality tea, which is not true.PURCHASE CRITERIABRANDThe brand name of McDonald is the very important thing in grabbing customers because they have a trust on the products.STANDARDThe brand name of McDonald is itself a standard measure so it is for sure that no one can raise question on meeting the standards. Mc Donald carries a unceasing check on all franchises on the quality of food provided to the consumers.INGREDIENTSThe ingredients which we are using in Mc Tea are Plum, Strawberry, Double Apple, Grape, and Peach and these ingredients would be of high quality from the companys existing suppliers.PRESENTATIONMcDonalds presentation is very unique for this tea as we plan to present all different flavors in their various(prenominal) flavor colored glasses.PRICE ANALYSISNamePriceMc Tea (Flavored)1 PoundPret a Manger (Plain)1.5 PoundsCosta Coffee (Plain)1.8 PoundsNero Caf (Plain)1.8 PoundsStarbucks (Plain)2.25 PoundsOthers (indirect) (Plain)50 pCOMPETITOR ANALYSISDIRECT COMPETITORCOSTA COFFEE/ NERO CAF/ STARBUCKS/ PRET A MANGERAlready competition for the products we sell and have started giving the service of tea in collaboration with their suppliers therefore for Mc tea would face direct competition.INDIRECT COMPETITORSBrands by Unilever, PG have captured a fair amount of local market share hence it can be said to be an indirect competitor. They being among the favorite brands for local people hence co mpetition can be really tough.THE MARKETING STRATEGYOBJECTIVES MARKET DESCRIPTIONTotal population is in millions, 30 to 35 percent youth of which 65 to 70 percent are elders. The target of Mc Tea is the 20 to 25 percent of the total population of UK and Ireland. QSR industry is the one of the sources of handsome revenue for UK Irish economies in term of tariff and taxes. The objective is to increase the market share cover the cost and make a profit of million pounds in the first year.ACCORDING TO BCG MATRIXThe Product at the moment is in the question mark stage in BCG Matrix. Ultimately the plan is to make it a star product focusing on investment and market share. Upon maturity and growth Mc Tea will later become a cash cow. gritty LOWMarket Growth RateHIGHSTARFUTURE OF Mc TeaQUESTION MARK?CURRENT POSITION OFMc TeaLOWCASH COWDOGSource3ACCORDING TO GRID EXPANSIONMc Tea is currently at product development stage. The company is launching new product in existing market.MARKETING MIXPR ODUCTMc Tea the flavored tea is an instant flavored tea drink that can be taken in hot form, consisting of various nutrients and fresh flavored extracts. The way in which we aim to work this merchandise variable is by providing enhanced features that intromit a variety of flavors such as plum, strawberry, double orchard apple tree, grape, and peach, which has been derived from natural fruit, including compositions. These distinct flavors satisfy different taste for different people in the target market. by from this, one of the distinct features is the enhanced nutritional value that caters to the health conscious people. The ingredients integrated in our tea include liquorices root, passion fruit pieces, hibiscus, rose hips apple pieces, calcium and proteins. As Mc Tea the flavored tea is made in such a way that allows it to be taken in hot form, this provides the profit of convenience for many occasions in the cold weather of Ireland and UK. It can be taken as the substitute o f local tea brands and in the equivalent way it can replace the flavored drinks that are available in the market. The company also aim to achieve high quality with a perfect loving cup of tea with out artificial flavors found in competition.A crucial part of the product is the packaging, which contains the product itself. The packaging of the Mc Tea the flavored tea is in the form of colored cups of the selected fruit flavors that are made using the environment friendly technology. Mc Teas packaging is enhanced appealing and attractive which will gain impulse buying, and hence provide stimulation to our market share growth. Mc Teas flavored tea is blended and packaged in hygienic conditions untouched by human being hands.PRICEPricing is the significant factor of the merchandise mix, which must be carefully administered in order to give consumers the greatest value for their money. The way Mc Tea the flavored tea is intended to price is by using the market survey. As the company is using differentiation as the grand strategy, the charge is low to medium price initially in order to capture uniqueness, innovativeness, high quality and convenience of our product. In this way the maximum sales revenue can be achieved. However the price that we will charge will not be way beyond the competitive prices otherwise we will lose out on sufficient market share. Mc Tea will be launched as a flavored with the market skimming strategy in mind which will attract health conscious people as well as status conscious people.However, when competition sets in future and more companies start launching flavored tea we can alter our price strategy according to our competitive situation and prevailing market demand and supply equilibrium.The pricing method for Mc Tea the flavored tea will be markup pricing. In this way after determining the costs we will add a relatively high markup in order to gain substantial profits and cover our investment costs. Thus, keeping in mind all thes e things, we will launch all Mc Tea categories at a price of 1 Pound per cup.PLACEMc Tea aims to be a true company with a huge scattering network, which caters the entire UK and Irish market. The strategy follows to make the product easily available to customers is through huge distribution.PROMOTIONThis refers to the activity of bringing Mc Tea the flavored tea to the attention of the target market and persuading them to buy the product. Promotion for the Mc Tea will be done through advertising and sales promotion.SEGMENTATIONgeographicUK IrelandDensityAll cities in the distribution networkDEMOGRAPHICAgeGeneral population over 12Income15000/- above per anumSocial class note middle class, Middle class, middle-upper class, upper-upper classPSYCHOGRAPHICSLife styleValue oriented, sociable and active, actualizers,PersonalitySophisticated.BEHAVIORALOccasionRegular occasion.BenefitsQuality, economy, nutrition.User statusNon user, potential user, first time userUsage rateLight and medi umLoyalty statusTea lovers quarry PRODUCTMcDonald has very large experience of food industry all around the world. Here, the target product of McDonald is Mc Tea. The product is a combination of many fruit flavors and a simple plain tea. adjacent are the some feature of the Mc TeaFEATURESFLAVORS VARIETY OF FLAVORS AVAILABLEPlumDouble appleGrapePeachStrawberryBENEFITSIt has easy usage as the flavored tea can be taken in either form, it can be taken as a substitute of tea.The nutritional values our drink provides contents like vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iodine and folic acid.PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMADVERTISINGAdvertising is a very crucial part of promotion as it is responsible for(p) for creating long term loyalty towards brands. As consumer choices increases, it becomes essential to stand out in the crowds of brand ad media clutter by building a good corporate image through advertising.And in this we have mean to use both below the line and above the line advertising techniques and list of all the elements are belowABOVE THE LINE ADVERTISINGMedia nameSelectionTelevisionSky Network(Channels of SKY)RADIOLocal Radio channels in the UK IrelandBELOW THE LINE ADVERTISINGMEDIA NAMENAMENEWSPAPERSNATIONAL NEWSPAPERSMAGAZINESHERALDVISAGEBILLBOARDS presentlyadays bill boards are almost every where we go for role model shopping malls, airport, overhead bridges, you name the place and the billboard is there, provided the area being a commercial area.Billboards attract people of all ages. It has proved to be a very effective way to promote and create awareness of a product, there fore this strategy will be used by Mc Tea the flavored tea to promote itself. Mc Tea will occupied all billboards next to or near McDonalds outlets.SAMPLINGThe company has planned to do sampling of Mc tea at universities, colleges and shopping malls.TRADE SHOWS AND CONCERTSTrade shows and concerts are also one of the very tools of doing advertising. So the company have planned to hold a trade sh ow in London and concerts in Manchester, London etc.ACTION PLAN OF PROMOTION tribe 1st 2010- Television, newspapers, magazines advertisement.SEPT 1st 2010 Launch in all around UK and IRELAND.SEPT 15th 2010 Promotional trucks in UK and IRELAND.SEPT 20th 2010 free sampling of Mc Tea at all major shopping malls, universities and colleges in UK.OCT 1st 2010 discounted rates offer for all major products of McDonalds at major cities of UK Ireland at buying a minimum of 5 Mc Tea.OCT 15th 2010 Free mugs printed with Mc TEA will be distributed at all outlets.OCT 30th 2010 Free sampling of Mc Tea in universities of Ireland.NOV 15th 2010 Advertising campaign in all major planned areas.AUG 2010 Concert will be held.SALES PLAN project BY MARKET SEGMENTAs a firm develops a target market strategy, it should forecast the short run and long run sales of its offering to that market. gross revenue forecast outlines expected company sales for a specific good or service to specific consumer gro up over a specific period of time under a well-defined marketing program. By accurately forecasting sales, Mc Tea will be smash able to develop a marketing budget, allocate marketing resources, measure success, analyze sales productivity, monitor the external environment and competition, and modify marketing plans.FactorsSales forecastUK2 mIreland1.3 mTotal sales3..3 mTotal Sales 3.3 mCost of goods sold 1 m- uncouth profit 2.3 mMarketing expenses 1 m-Profit before tax 1.3 mTax (17%) 0.21 m-Net profit 1.09 m===TARGET ACCOUNTSOur target account for the fiscal year is 1.09 m net profit. From these target account we have anticipated that UK people are the tea lover, there we will be able to grab many customers. In Ireland, the winter season is of 4 to 5 months so there we will grab a huge chunk of customers.DISTRIBUTIONThe channel of distribution of the product will be direct through company outlets. Because the network of distribution is through all outlets which cover the entire mark et throughout.FINANCIALSADVERTISING BUDGETMc Tea now needs to establish an advertising budget for allocating the advertising expenses over several media types. The marketing cost that has been estimated for the promotion and awareness of the product is Pounds 1 million. This cost will be efficiently allocated in the various types of promotional activities that will be pickings place. The budget is allocated in the following activities.Electronic media200,000Print media100,000Billboards200,000Promotional trucks100,000Free sampling of mugs and tea200,000Concert200,000TOTAL1 millionCONCLUSIONThe company has planned to integrate the overall approach towards the launch of MC Tea with the current existing product the tea offered in MC Donald. Also the overall launch of this product is planned to be profitable venture and is aimed to increase the target market share and performance of the company.CRITICAL REFLECTIONSelected Learning emergenceAppreciate the importance of the separate marke ting functions, the management ofthese functions, and how each function affects other functions within and external tothe marketing domain.The marketing function became a mutation with the beginning of the 19th century. The initial phase of the century did not realize the potential of marketing and its functions but as time progressed the marketing function became a crucial part of the running businesses. Then whether it maybe Henry fords concept of black colors or any other people slowly and in stages started understanding the concept.In todays world of the 20th century marketing acts as a center point for any new or existing product. Now whether may it be a pen or a car. It begins with creating awareness, then moving on to teaching the buyer (consumer OR customer) and then later on towards making sales for the company. The new approach is to quantify things that are in current use by companies and things in practice.Separating the marketing function was like providing a working heart to the company. In the past era there were companies and products about which the customers had to go and extract information out from paid sources themselves. Marketing has revolutionized the entire effort and with it came many other things such as personal selling, sales promotion, advertising, media etc. In todays world a revolutionized marketing looks something like thisMarketingPublic transactionAdvertisingAbove the lineSales PromotionBelow the lineImplementation planningMedia TacticsSales EffortDiscountsTeaching CustomersMarket Budgetingmerchandising effortsMediaMarketing now has its extension further towards complementing other departments of a company. Finance department particularly seeks advertising expenditure and then return revenues. All budgets allocated to the marketing department are now quantified. Human resource department seeks towards good people and assets addition to a company. People involved in operations look to gain money return on production by good sales and promotion, even if they wish to achieve high operational targets they need to keep the marketing department inline so to achieve things such as economies of scale and economies of scope.Now writing towards the amount of learning I have had from this module is phenomenal. I havent heard of many terms and approaches that were used in this course before. The best part was the experience which I had. The course has transformed the way I look at TV ads, hoardings etc. Now I tend to pickup products in the market and carefully analyze the packaging and the mentioned contents in it to find relevance with the theory I had studied. I did missed out on practical part in the course where I should have made more efforts towards learning how the media planning and budgeting actually is done in an original market plan. This was due to lack of resources that I could make myself available. Yet I have modify my desire to see an actual marketing plan by analyzing the ongoing campaigns quit e deeply to look for problems and things where they went wrong. I also came to know of potential problems such as promise and delivery gap. My prior knowledge was way too less as compared to what I learned in this module.What I further intend to do is to get my theory more strong and approach companies to understand the practical part of a marketing plan. Also try and practically see how a marketing effort can be improved and made better.

Tragedy of the Commons and Collective Action

Tragedy of the Commons and Collective doDo the concepts of the tragedy of the commons and the problem of incarnate action help you to infrastand what political relation is fundamentally about? Your answer should include a statement of your understanding of the two concepts and examples to support your argument.I do believe that the concepts of the tragedy of the commons and the problem of incorporated action help me to understand what political relation is fundamentally about. In this essay I pass on explain why I believe this to be true. to begin with I cigaret express how these concepts help with the essential understanding of politics, I must first unravel what exactly the mentation of politics is, and I depart then continue by applying them to the underlying idea of politics. To help me to do this I leave use relevant examples of both(prenominal) in order to impale up my opinion and to clearly express my views.It is not simple to define politics in exactly one way as many a(prenominal) community arrive at said it to mean very different things. Even respected authorities keepnot always agree as to what the subject is about (Heywood, 2013 2). Harold D. Lasswell famously summed up the idea of politics as being who gets what, when, and how (Lasswell, 1936), meaning that it is all about resources. It is about dividing these resources what these resources are, how much of these resources at that place is to go around, what system will be employ to decide how these resources will be divided up, and how to set out sure that after the resources are finished being divided byout society, that whatever deals were put in place will hold. Politics exists in organisations, groups, and families (Dye, 2002). The broadest definition of politics would be to describe it as the activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which the live in society (Heywood, 2013 2), and this leads to how politics is undoubtedly linked to c onflict and cooperation, which in turn brings us to the Tragedy of the Commons concept and the Collective Action problem.A commons is any resource that can be used as though it belongs to all. Garrett Hardin explained the concept of how tragedy can occur within a commons with a parable (Hardin, 1968). The parable was about farmers using a pasture which was open to all, for their herds to graze. As rational beings, each farmer will try to maximise their own utility, and by pursuing their own self-satisfaction, we expect that each farmer will try to keep as many animals as doable on the pasture (Hardin, 1968). Eventually over browse and overcapacity destroys the system of the commons and leads to the collapse of the resource. This is the tragedy. In a limited world, freedom in a commons brings ruin to all, and it can take just one selfish person to break the equilibrium (Hardin, 1968). Of course the concept spreads much farther than just famers grazing their animals on a pasture. Qui te a substantial proportion of the worlds most difficult problems can be seen through the lens of the Tragedy of the Commons shortfall in Africa, drought, etc. The Tragedy of the Commons can honestly be seen almost anywhere we look in politics. The government can limit inlet to commons, but there is no technical solution because once this is done it is no longer commons (Hanson, 1997). If we look at Americas governmental system of laissez f shinee, everything, even people become commons. Money is political power and all political decision are reduced to economic ones, meaning that there is no political system but only an economic one (Hanson, 1997). America is one large commons that will be exploited until expiry (Hanson, 1997). The only seen solution is to invent and introduce a political system that cannot be bought monetarily, and then limit freedom in the commons. Otherwise the population will crash (Hanson, 1997).The theoretical approach to politics known as the rational-cho ice theory is a big notion behind the Tragedy of the Commons, and the Tragedy of the Commons in spades aids the understanding of this political theory. The theory assumes that the majority of rational people act on the basis of self-seeking and will calculate the likely cost and benefits of any action before deciding what to do and will only proceed if the benefits outweigh the costs (Scott, 2000). This theory is clearly employed and understood through the Tragedy of the Commons. In the parable of the farmers, the private benefits absorbd from increasing their heard are greater than the private costs charged, and therefore the farmers adds more animals to the common grazing field. The commons is a fundamental social institution (Crowe, 1969). Hardins parable is a useful illustration of a genuine public-policy problem how does one administer a resource that doesnt belong to anyone? (Tierney, 2009). Due to mans pursuance of self-interest, social co-operation doesnt occur naturally, and problems are bound to arise when onerous to make people co-operate in society. Government and social order is all about people coming together to achieve goals, and selfishness will effect many policy outcomes. The way we formulate ideas has a real impact on the society which we live in. People derive private benefits from common resources and the costs can be spread to people around them. We can take pollution as a relevant example. If I am lazy and decide to just throw my rubbish onto the street, I receive the benefit of the ease of discarding my waste without effort, while those around me receive the cost of a polluted town. Exhaust from cars pollutes the air and while the driver in benefited by quick and easy travel to their required destination, everyone around them suffers with polluted air and increase global warming.Politics is centrally concerned with the maintenance and management of scarce resources. This is where collective action appears. Collective action is when a number of people come together to achieve a common objective, when it isnt necessarily in anybodys interest to do the right thing. It is about getting people who are busy rushing to do their own things, to do something collectively that will benefit all. We talk of the problem of scarce resources as a collective action problem, because essentially what is behind the idea is how to get people to come together- to cooperate. The collective action problem describes the situation where the free-rider problem occurs, when rational actors have no individual incentive to support the collective action (Scott, 2000), and despite their unwillingness to cooperate themselves, the still gain from the cooperation of others. Most action taken on behalf of groups of individuals is taken through organizations (Olson, 19659), and therefore my example will based on organizations in a general form. Rational individuals will join organizations where the benefits of membership and involvement outweigh the costs, but if they can still receive the benefits without joining the organization, they will not feel the need to join it. The rational choice theory is re-introduced here. If every individual views the membership of the organisation in the like way, nobody will be willing to join and there will be nobody left willing to provide the service of the organization. There is also the example of voters. Individual voters have very little influence over the result of elections and they therefore dont pay much attention to politics or policy decisions. They do not analyse it in depth, and vote irrationally. We therefore end up with worse outcomes than we would have if they had chosen to stick with their overleap of knowledge and not vote.Cooperation is at the heart of the notion of collective action. Groups of individuals with common interests are expected to act on behalf of their common interests as much as single individuals are expected to act on behalf of their personal intere sts (Olson, 1965 5). Unfortunately, people do not cooperate naturally. When left with individuals who are motivated by self-interest and dont work for the group, we must think what kind of society can emerge and how do you force people into action that will make them work for the group. Tax is a social insure. It is not left up to the people to decide what amount they think they should pay, as although tax paid goes towards go that benefit society as a whole, individuals would avoid paying if they had the choice, if they felt they could still receive the same benefits. Making tax a social condition is an example of a solved political collective action problem in a way.In conclusion I feel that I have convincingly explained why I believe that the concept of the Tragedy of the Commons and the Collective Action problem both aid in the understanding of what politics is essentially about. What fundamentally links these ideas with politics is cooperation, as it is the foundation for the m all. The political Rational Choice theory can be comprehended when used with examples from both the tragedy of the commons, and the collective action problem. Politics is about managing resources and searching for conflict resolution that may arise, and both ideas can definitely be described as conflicts that may be faced during this process.BibliographyCROWE, L. B. (1969) Science, current Series. The Tragedy of the Commons Revisited. Internet, November 1969, 166(3909), pp. 1103-1107. Available from http//www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/misc/webfeat/sotp/pdfs/166-3909-1103.pdf Accessed 11th January 2014.DYE, R. T. (2002) Politics in America, Basic Edition. New Jersey, scholar Hall (5th Edition). Available from http//wps.prenhall.com/hss_dye_politics_5/6/1739/445252.cw/index.html Accessed 7th January 2014.HANSON, J. (1997) Tragedy of the Commons Re-Stated. Available from http//dieoff.org/page109.htm Accessed 12th January 2014.HARDIN, G. (1968) Science. The Tragedy of the Commons. Internet, December 1968, 162, pp. 1243-1248. Available from http//www.sciencemag.org/content/162/3859/1243.full Accessed 7th January 2014.HEYWOOD, A. (2013) Politics. Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan (4th Edition).LASSWELL, D. H. (1936) Politics Who Gets What, When, How. New York, London, Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill Book Company Incorporated.OLSON, M. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Massachsetts, Harvard University Press.SCOTT, J. (2000) Rational Choice Theory, in G Browning, A Halcli, F Webster (eds), Understanding modern-day Society Theories of the Present. London, SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 126-139. Available from http//www.soc.iastate.edu/Sapp/soc401rationalchoice.pdf Accessed 10th January 2014.TIERNEY, J. (2009,) The Non-Tragedy of the Commons. The New York Times. Available from http//tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/15/the-non-tragedy-of-the-commons/?_r=0 Accessed 12th January 2014.

Hidden Meaning in Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate Essay

Hidden Meaning in Laura Esquivels wish Water for Chocolate Laura Esquivels novel, Like Water for Chocolate, is a contemporary novel based on romance, recipes and home remedies. Very little criticism has been done on the novel. Of the few essays that argon indite on this work, the majority of them consist of feminist critique. This novel would be most easily approached from a feminist view because of the intricate relationships between women. However, relationships between women are only one of the many elements touched upon in the novel. Like Water for Chocolate is a novel that uses recipes as a crypt for many important themes in the novel. Jaques Derrida defines crypt as something that, disguises the act of hiding and to hide the disguise the crypt hides as it holds (Derrida 14). The recipes are more than just formulas, they hold, concealed within them, memories. These crypts are revealed through food and the play of food production. Esquivel has personal ties with food and fee ls that the production of food creates a center of the household. Tita, being the person most closely associated with food preparation in the novel, becomes the immemorial focus in the structure of her family. The crypts that Esquivel uses are opened throughout the novel in a variety of ways. Tita is constantly struggling against her mother, tradition and inevitably her have got destiny. Along the way many aspects of her trials are revealed in her cooking. Eventually, Tita is able to free herself from the emotional chains that her mother has bound her. In the end her destiny is revealed, which in return sets her free from her struggles. Esquivel begins each chapter of the novel with a different recipe. The various recipe... ...rodic Consumption of Popular Romance Myths in Como Agua Para Chocolate. Latin American Literary Review. 24.48 (1996) 56-66. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. Trans. Carol Christensen and Thomas Christensen. New York Doubleday, 1992. Ibsen, Kristi ne. On Recipes, Reading and Revolution Postboon Parody in Como Agua Para Chocolate. Hispanic Review. 25 (1996) 133-146. Januzzi, Marisa. Laura Esquivel. Like Water for Chocolate A Novel in Monthly Installments, with Recipes, Romances and Home Remedies. Review of Contemporary Fiction. 13 (1993) 246-246. Loewenstein, Claudia. Revolucion interior al exterior An interrogate with Laura Esquivel. Southwest Review. 79.4 (1994) 592-607. Valdez, Maria Elena. Verbal and Visual Representation of Women Como Agua Para Chocolate/Like Water for Chocolate. World Literature Today. 69.1 (1995)78-82.

King Khafre Seated Essay -- Egyptian Art Egypt History

King Khafre SeatedEgyptian art is infamous across the world - class by the monumental pyramids, and the Sphinx. Although these are both valid forms of Egyptian art, they do not make up the entire artistic history of the country. On the contrary, mayhap the most replicated example of classic Egyptian art, from the Old Kingdom, can be found in their rendering of the human form. An interest in portraiture veritable early in Egypt. (Gardner, 75) Whether painted on pottery, or cut into rock, the figures all had notably Egyptian characteristics. The seated statue is one of only a very minute number of basic formulaic types employed by the sculptors of the Old Kingdom. (Gardner, 75)The statue of King Khafre Seated , from the fourth dynasty of the Old Kingdom, 2520 - 2492 BCE, was created by an unknown artist in the placid permanence of graywacke stone. Although the statue is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of wile as number 56 in the Special Egyptian Exhibition, its true home is at the Egyptian Museum, in Cairo. The man being portrayed, King Khafre, ruled Egypt for approximately thirty years, during which he commissioned the single most recognizable monuments of Egypt, the a fore mentioned Pyramids at Giza and the Sphinx. These monuments of symmetry and solidity characterize the focus of popular architecture and sculpture from the Old Kingdom in Egypt.Two main devices used in Egyptian art from the fourth dynasty, that also help classify it, are a strive for naturalism and the use of sculpture in the pulsation. In addition to the oversized burial monuments being built, portraiture became quite popular at this time in history. Paintings featuring humans used their own form of sculpture in the round by painting in ... ...ars after Khafres reign, the fourth dynasty was just the beginning. Monumental Egypt, although it existed in burial tombs before Khafres reign, truly became a conventional pattern in the fourth dynasty. Khafres seated ka statues were numerous and perhaps the beginning of the formulaic sculpting of Egyptian ka statues. The King Khafre Seated that is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art now is not only the best ka statue of Khafre in existence, but perhaps one of the best examples of classic Egyptian sculpture from the Old Kingdom.Bibliography1. Tansey, Richard G., and Kleiner, Fred S., Gardeners Art Through the Ages, Harcourt Brace and Company, Fort Worth, TX, 1996, tenth edition, volume II, pp 73 - 85.2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Special Egyptian Exhibitian, no. 56. King Khafre Seated statue label. 5th Ave. and 82nd St. new-fangled York, NY.